Alternative Energies Essays - 2847 Words

Do you have to pay to put fuel in a vehicle? I know I do and its becoming more of a large burden rather than just another small expense of living. Its safe to say that the majority of people owning motor vehicles dislike the constant fluctuation in the price of oil and gasoline. The four worst polluters when it comes to the burning of fossil fuels are the United States, China, Japan, and Britain (Editorial par. 3). At the rate at which it is rising now, vehicles are soon going to be a luxury because people will not be able to afford the price of fuel. One possible solution to this problem, and many other instances that rely on the burning of fossil fuels, is the use of renewable energy sources. Two of the more notable energies are solar†¦show more content†¦1). IRENA is just one of many ways that a person can get involved in helping our world become cleaner and more efficient in using the resources we have. The technology that the world possesses today is underdeveloped when referring to solar and wind energy. The research needed for the extensive use of wind and solar energy should be a priority for todays world because it will reduce the monetary cost of energy in the long run, decrease the negative effects of burning fossil fuels on our atmosphere, and preserve the natural resources of the Earth. To begin, the use of solar energy is not something new that has been recently discovered. Solar power has been utilized in many different ways dating back to the ancient Egyptians. Surprising as it is, we utilize the power today in similar ways to what the Egyptians used it for. Common uses of solar energy are drying objects such as clothing and other necessities and growing crops (Solar Energy par. 6). The broad use of solar energy continues to arise in many different and unique ways. A scientist by the name of Joseph Priestly used solar power to perform an experiment involving the isolation of oxygen (Solar Energy par. 15). The greenhouse is a major inven tion that helps the growth of plants and food around the world. Without it, people would not be able to growShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy1688 Words   |  7 PagesAre alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? September 24, 2012 Are alternative energy sources the answer to ending human dependence on oil? Right now there is no one substitute for oil because we use it for a variety of things. We can use alternative sources in areas to preserve or conserve our usage of oil. We use to use wood for fires and light. Then in the industrial revolution we began to use coal. â€Å"Coal can provide much more energy over longer periods thanRead More Hydropower as an Alternative Energy Source Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesHydropower as an Alternative Energy Source Water provides a very valuable resource. We use dams built to run water through turbines and produce electricity. There are many advantages and disadvantages to hydropower, though there are more advantages. It is reasonable inexpensive to maintain, and is a clean source. There are issues with dams blocking fish swimming in the river, but there are ways to help them. Hydropower is well balanced between the electricity needs and the needs of the environmentRead MoreAlternative Energy And Renewable Energy1668 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the 20th and 21st century, our knowledge about the environment and energy has steadily grown, as well as our dependence on them. Nowadays, power and electricity are in every facet of our daily lives. Due to this, we overlook several negative effects our traditional use of fossil fuels have caused. Fossil fuels are fuel deposits that were formed hundreds of millions of years ago, which is where the term fossil fuels come from. The two most common fos sil fuels currently in use are coal andRead MoreAlternative Energy : Renewable Energy1785 Words   |  8 Pagescurrent energy usage, which is fossil fuels, is not sustainable and carries negative effects to the environment. However nothing is perfect, even renewable energy has its fair share of disadvantages. Can alternative (reusable) energy sources such as nuclear, hydrogen, biofuels or solar energy meet the energy demands needed by humans to carry out their everyday tasks such as electricity, commuting, and so on better than fossil fuels such as coal and oil which creates a mast amount of energy today.Read MoreAlternative Energy : Alternative Fuels2099 Words   |  9 PagesAlternative Energy If America makes the change to renewable fuels, it could take hundreds of years to undo the indirect damage that will be triggered. The amount of pollution that would be emitted by harvesting new fuels is as devastating as not switching at all (Grunwald). The processes for acquiring these alternatives create pollution that will destroy our environment. It is counterproductive to use renewable energy, if it does not enhance the current situation. Many people are supportive ofRead MoreAlternative Energy: Solar Energy1323 Words   |  5 PagesIn the world today, alternative energy source which is an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energy is becoming more and more of a necessity. Right now, the world’s population growth has caused an increase in the energy demand. Rosenberg (2009) pointed out that the world’s current growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. OECDs International Energy Agency[IEA] (2014) found that from 2011 to 2035 th e world energy demand is likely to rise by more than two-thirds. ThoughRead MoreAlternative Energy Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesModern alternative energy generation methods are limited by several factors including efficiency, inability to respond to sudden changes in power demand, and susceptibility to environmental events. In 2010 the leading renewable energy sources were hydro-electric, wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and solar Photo Voltaic (PV)[1]. Of these, hydroelectric made up 82% of the renewable resource energy generation, while the other means all contributed about equally. These relationships can be seen clearly inRead MoreNew And Alternative Sources Of Energy1311 Words   |  6 Pages Today s society uses enormous amounts of energy. *The shadow of our presence on this planet is a result of generations upon generations of production and utilization of energy*. New and alternative sources of energy are being developed to replace the declining accessibility of coal and fossil fuels. Use of renewable energy is a key component in combatting the climate change that has become a major issue in the 21st century. Reducing our impact on the climate as a result of greenhouse gas emissionsRead MoreAlternative Energy : Renewable Energy966 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative Energy. What is it? Alternative energy: energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment, avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power (Google Definition). ALternative energy is the way to go: it is cleaner than Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power, it works with the environment, and is benefitial to the community. First off, the majority of the world, 80% of the United States uses Nuclear power or Fossil Fuels as a source of energy and electricityRead MoreImplementation Of Geothermal Energy As An Alternative Energy1459 Words   |  6 PagesTitle : Implementation Of Geothermal Energy As An Alternative Energy AHMAD HAFIZUDDIN BIN ISMAIL (EC15132) FIRDAUS BIN MAT SHUKRI (EC15133) MUHAMMAD SUHAIMI BIN MOKHTAH (EC) AMAR FAISSAL BIN KAMARUDDIN (EC15134) Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP), 26600 PEKAN, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Abstract This report presents an alternative energy is any energy source that from fossil fuel. We need to turn to alternative energy in general. Firstly, we were in danger

Advertising Essay - 1083 Words

Advertising There are millions of people in the world, all of whom are potential car buyers in the car companies eyes, resulting in highly competitive advertising. These companies need to appeal to all groups of people, so for certain people, they will advertise a certain car. For another car they have created, they will appeal to another target audience. The most common target audiences are students, business men, women, families, elderly and environmentalists. All of these people are going to buy cars so they need cars which are going to appeal to them. Both male and female car adverts are shown at particular times in the day. For example. There are†¦show more content†¦The car should also be seen to make the man in the advert macho, and to look successful. This is because most men want to be seen as masculine with charisma. All of these issues are considered whilst portraying a man in a car advertisement. Women on the other hand are seen to be more intelligent and sophisticated in car adverts. For women though, they also want to be seen as sexy and attractive somehow like the men. For both sexes its about looking and feeling the best you can and if the person in the advert looks great; feels great; why can’t you? Although there are definite trends in the way men and women are portrayed in car advertisements there are also differences with different cars. In my study to find out whether companies are more successful in reaching women or men, I have gathered a collection of print and T.V ads in which I can analyse to do this. In a Renault Laguna advert I have looked at, a man is seen cruising down a hill, weaving through the roads from a picturesque villa at the top, making it seem effortless in the mean time. Whilst he is doing this there is an insight to the car where the man is going through all the accessories inside. In this advert the man looks in control, very sophisticated and at the same time extremely stylish. This advert will appeal to a more self-conscious and judgemental man, but a man with a bit of money too. This advertShow MoreRelatedAdvertising : Advertising And Advertising1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Every Advertising campaign main focus is to be cost effective, reach the largest target audience and most importantly should attract new customers.(allbusiess.com) Advertising plays a crucial role for every company regarding the size of the company, it doesn’t matter if the company is big or small an effective and well planned ad campaign can do wonders for the company. â€Å"Effective advertising reaches potential customers and informs them of your products or services. Ideally, advertising shouldRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : Advertising And Advertising Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagespromote sales. Since that time advertising has come a long way, with the introduction of advertising slogans and jingles cleverly designed to play on human pyschology and thereby maximise product sales. Within the last 150 years, forms of media that have been recently invented have become the most popular ways of advertising - such as radio, television and newspapers/magazines/billboards. Th ese forms of media have been a gateway to allow subtle advanced advertising techniques to be used, althoughRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising939 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising Advertising has become an important thing in our everyday life. Almost all the companies make advertisements these days. Usually companies when launching a new product gives advertisement about their products may be in on television or newspaper. This kind of advertising attracts audiences who are likely to buy the product. For example, the advertisement of cola attracts a large part of audience and they are influenced by watching their favorite stars drinking a cola on television thatRead MoreAdvertising : The Goal Of Advertising969 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of advertising is to convince the consumer will be better with the product. Their main concern is to sell the product. They care about the money more than they care about their product’s efficiency. Everything is being advertised today. You can watch a commercial and suddenly feel a need for the product. Advertisers will â€Å"make† you by the product by having a creative name of their product and a catchy slo gan. Commercials can have an impact on our culture because of how advertising is performedRead MoreThe Beauty Of Advertising : Advertising1433 Words   |  6 Pages13 September 2017 The Beauty of Advertising In a society where we are encouraged to purchase the top brands, the shiniest jewelry, and the best products on the market, companies have began to put themselves out there. One of the main ways they have attempted to accomplish this is through advertising. Advertisements can be found virtually anywhere ranging from the newspaper to TV commercials to billboards†¦ The possibilities are endless. Competition in the advertising world is fierce as corporationsRead MoreAdvertising : Teens And Advertising1099 Words   |  5 Pages Ahumareze Paula 1358 English 101 M. Gonzalez Project 3: Research November 17, 2014 Word count: 872 Abstract word count: 102 TEENS AND ADVERTISING Abstract: companies have to sell their products. In order for them to, they have targeted a particular group of people which are teens. Advertisers know teens are very vulnerable, and want to be seen as â€Å"cool† and for these companies to sell their product, they (advertisers) paint this unrealistic image of a teenager, in their (teens) heads. They (advertisers)Read MoreAdvertising And The Advertising Groups1057 Words   |  5 PagesOften you hear the phrase, â€Å"there is truth in advertising†. More and more media groups use unique and gimmicky concepts to grab the attention of their desired audience. One such concept commonly employed by advertising groups is scare tactics. Groups such as the Truth Campaign or the American Cancer Association have been using stark commercials with dark, and often graphic, materials to get across their anti-tobacco message. One of these ads (above) uses familiar imagery in a provocative way toRead MoreAdvertising : The Rhetoric Of Advertising829 Words   |  4 Pagesmanage to distinguish brands not with the merchandise, but with ads themselves. This is possible because advertisers manipulate consumers’ thought processes with rhetorical and visual techniques. Stuart Hirschberg, author of, â€Å"The Rhetoric of Advertising†, asserts that, â€Å"ads appear as mini-arguments† (132). Unlike arguments, ads can avoid scrutiny because of techniques called weasel words. William Lutz, a former English professor, states in â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything† that weaselRead MoreAdvertising Regulation Of The Advertising1812 Words   |  8 PagesREPORT: †¢ Introduction †¢ Why advertising needs to be regulated? †¢ Benefits for businesses by following advertisement regulations †¢ Unfavorable circumstances for businesses by not following advertisement regulations †¢ Types of false advertisements †¢ Advertising to businesses †¢ Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act †¢ Advertising and Marketing Law †¢ REGULATIONS THAT AFFECT ADVERTISING †¢ Advertising Standards Regulation in Australia †¢ International advertising regulation †¢ How would youRead MoreAdvertising1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Impact Of Advertising Impact based advertising is a form of advertising designed to have a lasting psychological effect on viewers so they will remember the product or vendor. This approach can help advertising produce the greatest results for a given expenditure. Impact based advertising is often contrasted with impression based advertising, which is focused on the number of times that an ad is seen and does not differentiate between segments of the audience. Impact-based advertising seeks to give

Advertising Essay - 1083 Words

Advertising There are millions of people in the world, all of whom are potential car buyers in the car companies eyes, resulting in highly competitive advertising. These companies need to appeal to all groups of people, so for certain people, they will advertise a certain car. For another car they have created, they will appeal to another target audience. The most common target audiences are students, business men, women, families, elderly and environmentalists. All of these people are going to buy cars so they need cars which are going to appeal to them. Both male and female car adverts are shown at particular times in the day. For example. There are†¦show more content†¦The car should also be seen to make the man in the advert macho, and to look successful. This is because most men want to be seen as masculine with charisma. All of these issues are considered whilst portraying a man in a car advertisement. Women on the other hand are seen to be more intelligent and sophisticated in car adverts. For women though, they also want to be seen as sexy and attractive somehow like the men. For both sexes its about looking and feeling the best you can and if the person in the advert looks great; feels great; why can’t you? Although there are definite trends in the way men and women are portrayed in car advertisements there are also differences with different cars. In my study to find out whether companies are more successful in reaching women or men, I have gathered a collection of print and T.V ads in which I can analyse to do this. In a Renault Laguna advert I have looked at, a man is seen cruising down a hill, weaving through the roads from a picturesque villa at the top, making it seem effortless in the mean time. Whilst he is doing this there is an insight to the car where the man is going through all the accessories inside. In this advert the man looks in control, very sophisticated and at the same time extremely stylish. This advert will appeal to a more self-conscious and judgemental man, but a man with a bit of money too. This advertShow MoreRelatedAdvertising : Advertising And Advertising1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Every Advertising campaign main focus is to be cost effective, reach the largest target audience and most importantly should attract new customers.(allbusiess.com) Advertising plays a crucial role for every company regarding the size of the company, it doesn’t matter if the company is big or small an effective and well planned ad campaign can do wonders for the company. â€Å"Effective advertising reaches potential customers and informs them of your products or services. Ideally, advertising shouldRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : Advertising And Advertising Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagespromote sales. Since that time advertising has come a long way, with the introduction of advertising slogans and jingles cleverly designed to play on human pyschology and thereby maximise product sales. Within the last 150 years, forms of media that have been recently invented have become the most popular ways of advertising - such as radio, television and newspapers/magazines/billboards. Th ese forms of media have been a gateway to allow subtle advanced advertising techniques to be used, althoughRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising939 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising Advertising has become an important thing in our everyday life. Almost all the companies make advertisements these days. Usually companies when launching a new product gives advertisement about their products may be in on television or newspaper. This kind of advertising attracts audiences who are likely to buy the product. For example, the advertisement of cola attracts a large part of audience and they are influenced by watching their favorite stars drinking a cola on television thatRead MoreAdvertising : The Goal Of Advertising969 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of advertising is to convince the consumer will be better with the product. Their main concern is to sell the product. They care about the money more than they care about their product’s efficiency. Everything is being advertised today. You can watch a commercial and suddenly feel a need for the product. Advertisers will â€Å"make† you by the product by having a creative name of their product and a catchy slo gan. Commercials can have an impact on our culture because of how advertising is performedRead MoreThe Beauty Of Advertising : Advertising1433 Words   |  6 Pages13 September 2017 The Beauty of Advertising In a society where we are encouraged to purchase the top brands, the shiniest jewelry, and the best products on the market, companies have began to put themselves out there. One of the main ways they have attempted to accomplish this is through advertising. Advertisements can be found virtually anywhere ranging from the newspaper to TV commercials to billboards†¦ The possibilities are endless. Competition in the advertising world is fierce as corporationsRead MoreAdvertising : Teens And Advertising1099 Words   |  5 Pages Ahumareze Paula 1358 English 101 M. Gonzalez Project 3: Research November 17, 2014 Word count: 872 Abstract word count: 102 TEENS AND ADVERTISING Abstract: companies have to sell their products. In order for them to, they have targeted a particular group of people which are teens. Advertisers know teens are very vulnerable, and want to be seen as â€Å"cool† and for these companies to sell their product, they (advertisers) paint this unrealistic image of a teenager, in their (teens) heads. They (advertisers)Read MoreAdvertising And The Advertising Groups1057 Words   |  5 PagesOften you hear the phrase, â€Å"there is truth in advertising†. More and more media groups use unique and gimmicky concepts to grab the attention of their desired audience. One such concept commonly employed by advertising groups is scare tactics. Groups such as the Truth Campaign or the American Cancer Association have been using stark commercials with dark, and often graphic, materials to get across their anti-tobacco message. One of these ads (above) uses familiar imagery in a provocative way toRead MoreAdvertising : The Rhetoric Of Advertising829 Words   |  4 Pagesmanage to distinguish brands not with the merchandise, but with ads themselves. This is possible because advertisers manipulate consumers’ thought processes with rhetorical and visual techniques. Stuart Hirschberg, author of, â€Å"The Rhetoric of Advertising†, asserts that, â€Å"ads appear as mini-arguments† (132). Unlike arguments, ads can avoid scrutiny because of techniques called weasel words. William Lutz, a former English professor, states in â€Å"With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything† that weaselRead MoreAdvertising Regulation Of The Advertising1812 Words   |  8 PagesREPORT: †¢ Introduction †¢ Why advertising needs to be regulated? †¢ Benefits for businesses by following advertisement regulations †¢ Unfavorable circumstances for businesses by not following advertisement regulations †¢ Types of false advertisements †¢ Advertising to businesses †¢ Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act †¢ Advertising and Marketing Law †¢ REGULATIONS THAT AFFECT ADVERTISING †¢ Advertising Standards Regulation in Australia †¢ International advertising regulation †¢ How would youRead MoreAdvertising1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Impact Of Advertising Impact based advertising is a form of advertising designed to have a lasting psychological effect on viewers so they will remember the product or vendor. This approach can help advertising produce the greatest results for a given expenditure. Impact based advertising is often contrasted with impression based advertising, which is focused on the number of times that an ad is seen and does not differentiate between segments of the audience. Impact-based advertising seeks to give

Career Assessment Examination Platform Free Essays

Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data This chapter reviewed the analysis of the existing system that was used by the proponents, the development of the proposed system and software, the objectives of the proposed system and software, and the evaluation of the system and software products. Presentation of Data In developing the proposed study, the proponents gathered information through the use of the questionnaires. The respondents were asked to answer and give their opinion regarding the existing system assessment examination method. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Assessment Examination Platform or any similar topic only for you Order Now Profile of the Respondents. The respondent’s answer the interview in order to identify their knowledge on the existing system. The respondents are mostly highschool students of Baliuag University. The current process for the existing assessment examination method The current process is done by the admission office prior to the beginning of very semester. The examiner/applicant will fill up the application form manually and will choose his/her desired course. Once the applicant has pass their application form to the admission office, the next step is he/she will take the assessment and after he/she took the assessment exam, he/she will wait for 15-20mins for the result of his/her exam. If they passed in their desired course the admission personnel will tell him/her that they passed in their exam. Tools/Instruments currently used in taking assessment examination method Tools and instrument are the basic necessities required to complete the examination. In a manual process of taking examination, pen, questionnaire and answer sheet are the main instruments used by responsible person such as the applicant. Once the applicant is done with answering the admission personnel will check it also manually and will compute it in an average grading computation. Problems commonly encountered in the existing system There are some factors that need to considered before the applicant will enroll in his/her desired course be completed. It is possible, given the current method, that errors will not occur. The number one problem encountered is that the applicant is not suitable for the course he/she has chosen. This variable is commonly a human computation error because when manually done the computation of the assessment they cannot be indicate the suitable course for the applicant. Added features suggested for the improvement of the existing system Improving the assessment examination system will be beneficial to all people concerned, a reliable, efficient, accurate and user friendly will prevent the problems encountered in the existing system. A current and always uploaded database containing applicant information, the printed result of the exam and in what course the applicant will be fit in are some of the added features suggested for the improvement of the current system. This database must be a user friendly environment that provides all information that the applicant needed. Components of the Proposed Software The following are the incorporated components in the proposed software, giving an overview of features and functions included to increase the usability and functionality of the software. General Features. The main function of the proposed software is assessment examination. Menu Driven. The software provides an onscreen list of available function through buttons which is organized in tabs for easier navigation. Button Driven. The system provides a list of choices for the user through the use of mouse and keyboard. User-Friendliness. The interface of the software is designed to be simple and easily access so that the users can use it efficiently. Software Functions. The main objective of the proposed software is to assess exam. Software Inputs and Outputs. The software inputs and outputs can be explained using Input-Process-Output, Visual Table of Contents and Class Diagram. (See Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ) Software Development This system development describes how the proponents develop the proposed system by means of specifying the materials used, describing the implementation and stating how it evaluated. Specifications. The proposed system has been developed using the following software and hardware specification. | | | | | | | | | Design. The system was developed by the proponents using Visual Basic. Net and MySQL which show as the necessary information regarding the assessment examination. The system was designed using program flowchart, VTOC. Programming. The program was set in a computer to give a solution to the problem of the existing system. All the information that has been accumulated is applied in this system. The proposed system is programmed through the use of Visual Basic. Net. The coding part is where the entire design is transmitted into a programming language. Testing. The proponents tried to conduct a series of test in the system that was made if there are any data error or lack of information needed. Implementation of the Proposed Software The proposed software was designed and developed to know how each module of the system works. It is made through coding. The proponents assure that the software will run normally and free from errors. The test was conduct to avoid possible problems. After the system passes the entire test, it is time that the system will implemented that will guarantee users that the system is accurate, reliable and faster to use. Evaluation of the Software Product The proposed system should be evaluated to prove to feasibility for implementation. Many different evaluation approaches are available but the study will only focus on its technical and operational feasibility. Technically Feasibility. The hardware and software requirements of the proposed system are readily available at the marketplace. Windows XP and Windows 7 are Microsoft’s operating system that dominates the market and patronized by many users. Since the software hardware requirements to develop and operate the operates the propose system can be easily obtained the proposed system is said to be technically feasible. Operational Feasibility. The operational feasibility includes projecting whether the system will operate and used once it is installed. With the prospective users expressing is need to develop the system, the proposed system was design to satisfy the expressed needs of the prospective users. To determine whether to developed proposed system has met user requirements, evaluation forms were given to target users. These forms were used to gather responses to the proposed system. The means given by the users are evidences that the proposed system is acceptable in them. How to cite Career Assessment Examination Platform, Papers

Social Sector Expenditure and Human Development Index Ranking of States in India free essay sample

This Social Sector Expenditure in India includes expenditure on education, health and family welfare, rural water supply, women and child development, welfare of schedule cast, tribal welfare of disable and so on. This Social Sector Expenditure of the States is increasing very rapidly and continuously with the increasing population. There are various indicators and parameters which are used for the measurement of socio-economic development. These indicators are suggested by World Bank and UNDP. Human Development Index (HDI) is one of them. Under this over all background the present study is attempted to analyze the impact of Social Sector Expenditure, growth rate of GSDP on Human Resource Development by taking into consideration HDI ranking of the States, States ranking in the GSDP and raking of the States in per capita Social Sector Expenditure. The main objective of the study is to find out functional relationship between Social Sector Expenditure and HDI. The present study covers 25 years from 1981-2005 and 15 major States in India. The study is based on available secondary data. But the levels of the living of the vast masses of the people remained almost unchanged. This implied that something was very wrong with the narrow definition of development in which GNP growth rate was highly emphasized. An increasing number of economists and policy makers clamored for the ‘dethronement’ of GNP and the elevation of the direct attacks on wide spread absolute poverty, increasing inequitable income distribution and rising unemployment. In short during the 1970’s, economic development came to be redefined in terms of the reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within the context of growing economy. Modern view of Economic Development Recently the concept of economic development has been further widened so that it now involves not only reduction in poverty, inequality and unemployment but also requires improvement in quality of life which includes cleaner environment, better education, good health and nutrition. On the basis of various ingredients of good quality of life and other criteria such as enlargement of human choices and freedom, a human development index is prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This human development index is considered as a better indicator of economic development today. Social Sector Expenditure in India and HDI. Since independence the Central and State governments in India are spending huge amount of money on social sector development. This social sector expenditure in India includes expenditure on education, health and family welfare, rural water supply, women and child development, welfare of scheduled cast, tribal welfare, welfare of disable etc. It is necessary to study the impact of these large expenditure on human resource development by taking into consideration HDI. It is against this overall backdrop, the present research paper studies the functional relationship between social sector expenditure and human development index in the context of major states in India and their ranking. II. Objectives of the Study The major and important objectives of the present study are as below 1. To study the concept of human development index (HDI) 2. To study the ranking of states in India regarding HDI. * Associate Professor and Head, Dept. of Business Economics, D. R. Mane Mahavidyalaya, Kagal Dist Kolhapyur. MH) **Research Student Dept of Economics Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 3. To study the ranking of states in India in the context of social sector expenditure and their corresponding growth rate of NSDP. 4. To find out functional relationship between social sector expenditure and HD. 5. To draw implications for the improvement in HDI ranking III. Hypothesis of the Study The hypothesis of the present research study is as follows 1. ‘Social Sector E xpenditure and Economic Growth rate together play a vital role in Human Development in the States in India. IV. Database and Research Methodology The present research study exclusively relies on the secondary data. The necessary data has been collected from the following sources 1. Reserve Bank of India : Monthly Bulletin: Issues related to finances of state 2. RBI: Report on currency and Finance: Vol. I amp; II 3. RBI : Handbook. 4. Government of India, Ministry of Finances, Indian Economic Statistics 5. Government of India, Economic Division, Annual Economic Survey. 6. Directorates of Economics and Statistics of respective State Governments and Central Statistical Organizational (C. S. O). 7. Publications of planning commission . Similarly the relevant data and literature published in government reports, books and journals were referred and is duly acknowledged wherever the reference of the same is incorporated in the paper. Study covers 15 major states and all states total. The period covered in the present paper is from 1981 to 2005, wherever necessary statistical data after 2005 is also presented. The following statistical techniques are used for data analysis. i. Ratio Analysis ii. Growth Rate iii. Variations V. Concept of HDI Growth in National Income (GNP) or per capita income considered as indicator of economic growth does not represent a true and adequate measure of welfare and economic development of the people of a country. Therefore a need was felt to put forward index which should truly and correctly reflect the level of economic welfare and economic development of a nation. Thus Human Development Report 1997 states, ‘Income is clearly only one option that people would like to have, though an important one , but it is one the sum total of their lives. Income is also a means, with human development the end. ’ Human Development Index is a composite measure of three aspects of good life and well being. Three questions were raised regarding what people want in order to have a good and cherished life. Answers provided were; i. People want to lead a long and healthy life. ii. They want to be educated and to acquire knowledge. iii. They want to have access to resources, so that they enjoy a decent standard of living. In other words they want to have per capita income which is high enough to ensure them a decent standard of living. The concept of human development has been developed by a number of economists including Dr. Mahbul-ul-Huq and Nobel Laureate Dr. Amartya Sen. Explaining the concept of human development Prof. Amartya Sen, writes, the process of widening people’s choices and the level of wellbeing they achieve are the core of the notion of human development. But regardless the level of development the three essential choices for people are to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access in the resources needed for a decent standard of living. Human development does not end there, however other choices highly valued by many people range from ‘political, economic and social freedom to opportunities for being creative and productive and enjoying self respect and guaranteed human rights. ’1 It is clear from this that in the concept of human development Prof. Amartya Sen includes the social, economic and political freedom as well as human rights they enjoy in a country. Therefore the latest Human Development Report consider and assess the performance of the countries in respect of these questions of freedom and human rights along with the three indicators or criteria mentioned below. . Longevity, which is measured by Life expectancy at birth, means how many years a newly born infant can hope to live in this world. ii. Knowledge: which is measured by the weighted average of adult literacy and mean years of schooling. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1999 Two things must be noted in regard to Human Development Index (HDI). First, it measures relative and not absolute level of Human Development. Second the focus of Human development is on the goals or ends of development which are a. Long and healthy life b. The level of knowledge c. A decent standard of living and not real per capita income alone. In fact Human Development Index is a composite measure of well being based on life expectancy, literacy level and real per capita income. It is important to note Human Development Index is used for ranking of different countries on a scale of 0 (lowest Human Development ) to 1 ( highest Human Development) However , there are some other sub-concepts of HDI which are also developed by UNDP. These sub-concepts are named a. Human Poverty Index (HPI 1) for developing countries b. Human Poverty Index (HPI 2) for selected OECD countries. c. Gender Related Development Index (GDI) d. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) But the present research study is confined to HDI ranking of the states and their respective social sector expenditure for the sake of simplicity. Therefore these concepts are not elaborated here. VI. A) Social Sector Expenditure: Meaning Under the constitution of India , state governments have been entrusted with the important function of maintaining law and order and also with many Nation building activities such as education, public health and medicine, irrigation and agriculture. Like the union government, the state government too have adopted the policy of building up welfare states that is raising agricultural and industrial prosperity of the states and looking after the needs of the poor and the downtrodden. The State expenditure is classified under two heads namely, Development Expenditure and Non-development Expenditure. The Development expenditure is divided into two parts viz – Social and Community Services and Economic Services. Expenditure on Social and Community Services comprise expenditure incurred on such services as education, family planning and public health, housing, labour employment, social security and welfare and natural calamities. These form an essential part of the expenditure of the states. The expenditure of the States on these Social Services leads to social sector development. Social development is a process of transformation in values institutions and practical brought about with the deliberate use of instruments of policy of planning with the active participation of the concerned people for the purpose of raising their levels or living and quality of life. Thus social services confer a sensitive advantage on community and the more the development of these services the happier and better off would be the people in the country; therefore it is essential to analyse. Social sector expenditure of the States and achievement in human development.